Oil and gas played a key role in the human kind life, therefore, through the years’ various types of strategies have been used in order to extract hydrocarbons for deep undergrounds. ABSTRACT It is estimated the number of earthquakes of magnitude of 3 or greater in the central and eastern of the united states of America where the fracking operations and injections wells activates has found and increased (Booher, J. originally appeared on Quora: the place to gain and share knowledge, empowering people to learn from others and better understand the world. Michigan Economic Development Corporation Insights, Get Vaccinated? By knowing all the concerns about the fracking on the water it is clear that the impacts go beyond that to affects the air quality of the area. Copyright © 2003 - 2021 - All Answers Ltd is a company registered in England and Wales. 73-77. Fracking gives us access to natural gas and crude oil deposits. Horizontal drilling can extend more than 1 mile from the vertical borehole. Therefore it would contribute develop a new industry and the economy in areas where . The environmental studies about natural resource issues are often studied as conflicts; this book is carefully designed to expound on how resolutions are negotiated and maintained. And the economic benefits of fracking basically speak for themselves. 2017]. 4, pp. By identifying all the negative and positive aspects of fracking operation, the next section will focus more about fracking aspects in the South Africa specially in Karoo to identify in more details all the potential aspects that fracking may cause it in the area. 1009-17. Taking an average price of $4.24 per thousand cubic feet, that’s a value of about $36 billion, due to shale gas alone.”. Inman, M. 2014, “The fracking fallacy”, Nature, vol. Dokshin, F.A. It is estimated that the hydraulic fracking was responsible of earthquakes larger than magnitude 2.0. the assessment has done in sites of different countries with various formations such as, Oklahoma, Ohio and England. If there is an oil field in a particular US state, then who gets the money from the sale of oil, the state or the federal government? First, we need to locate natural gas. 84, no. The danger with fracking is that we are no longer going to look for alternative energy sources like the sun or the wind. 1679-1689. Ochieng, E.G., Price, A.D.F., Egbu, C.O., Ruan, X. However, it can be described as simulation technique that is used in middle on 19th to increase the production of hydrocarbons from very poor or tight reverses the process involved tow technologies, hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling (Holloway, M.D., 1963, Rudd, O. 2014, “ACCOUNTING FOR FRACKING”, Petroleum Accounting and Financial Management Journal, vol. Fracking Linked to Earthquakes in Ohio”, 2013, The Science Teacher, vol. This structure led naturally to researching the potential benefits of fracking first. 327-362. not-very-pro-fracking--Natural gas extracted from shale comes at too great a cost to the environment, say Robert W. Howarth and Anthony Ingraffea, visit the site posted by Nature. . Shale gas also indirectly affects human social systems. In addition, hydraulic fracking has great impact on the ground water as threat is great potentials of escaping shale gas to the ground water and contaminate it as it will be very difficult to clean. 2016, “Spills of Hydraulic Fracturing Chemicals on Agricultural Topsoil: Biodegradation, Sorption, and Co-contaminant Interactions”, Environmental science & technology, vol. First enhancing of hydraulic fracturing in petroleum field were early in the 1900s which used to extract natural gas from shale wells, vertical wells which fractured with foams. For instance, fracking in the Marcellus Shale region in the North-eastern United State of America has raced a serious concern about ground water pollution and well water pollutions as well by doing tests of Methane level in the ground water which found migrated from fracking wells (Davis, C. & Hoffer, K. 2012). 170. 2016). What are the top five facts everyone should know about oil exploration? US EPA. 2013, Fracking regulations raise ire: Environmentalists fear proposed rules would weaken law, Tribune Publishing Company LLC, Chicago, Ill. Willems, M., Dalvie, M.A., London, L. & Rother, H. 2016, “ENVIRONMENTAL REVIEWS AND CASE STUDIES: Health Risk Perception Related to Fracking in the Karoo, South Africa”, Environmental Practice, vol. & Engelder, T. 2011, “Natural gas: Should fracking stop?”, Nature, vol. 2014, “Why Fracking Works”, Journal of Applied Mechanics, vol. Correct management of fracking fluids prevents environmental harm. Available at: http://mpaenvironment.ei.columbia.edu/files/2014/06/FRAC-Act.pdf [Accessed 26 Jun. The Environmental Benefits Of Fracking July 19, 2016. 20-24. Thus, the main reason to consider all the potential aspects is (McLeod, D. 2013). Found insidebenefits. and. the. social. license. Economic benefits matter. Whether it be fracking in England, oil in Scotland or Kenya, uranium mining in Australia, ... One of the most dramatic of those effects may be flammable tap water. In the long run, this could still have hugely problematic effects on the environment and life on Earth. & SHEDL Elsevier,2015). Found insideMost of the academic papers on the impacts of fracking have focused on such ... the social and political discourses of fracking and the surrounding social ... Fracking risks”, 2012, Nature, vol. 38, no. Found inside â Page 117Shale gas fracking was also portrayed as a confounding of the thesis of peak ... featured mostly in discussions of the potential benefits of fracking for US ... Fracking, Earthquakes Raise Infrastructure Worries”, 2014, The Bond Buyer, vol. Found insideThey argue that the benefits and costs of fracking are mostly local and vary ... regulation to balance the social benefits and costs of this technology.79 ... Senate committee examines EPA rule on air pollution from fracking”, 2012, Issues in Science and Technology, vol. Shale gas development has put significant higher risks on social, environmental and health and safety prospects than conventional hydrocarbon developments due to many factors such as using many technologies to make it economically recoverable, a great benefit for investing companies and low requirement of equipment (Hawkins, J. Thus, state of Pennsylvania has developed its fracking operation to be used in around 7000 wells therefore it is estimated that around 1.3 gal/MMBtu of water is used during the operation which is consider very high risks due to the high density of the area and that ultimately led to great damage to the habitant and the wildlife (Throupe, R., Simons, R.A. & Mao, X. For example, the province of Quebec could receive $71 up to $475 million over the next 25 years from shale gas revenues, but it is highly debated as some argue it could cost taxpayers up to four times the amount of revenue that will be brought in. Unless you strongly believe in Elon Musk‘s idea of making Mars as another habitable planet, do remember that there really is no 'Planet B' in this whole universe. The techniques itself includes fracturing intentionally create fracture in the tight rock that holds the tight oil and increase the flow of the oil. Found inside â Page 164There are many resources about the benefits of fracking. For example, the Ohio Oil and Gas Energy Education Program (2020) offers workshops and classroom ... According to the American Enterprise Institute, “The direct benefit of increasing oil and gas production includes the value of increased production attributable to the technology. A study has been done in the California particularly in the Los Angeles region which consider to produce around the quarter quaintly of oil in the US; on the local community and individuals how are leaving close to the oil fields are complained about having nausea, nosebleeds, and respiratory illness and headaches and they refer all that sings to the high level of emissions in the air such as: methane, ethane, carbon dioxide (Willems, M., Dalvie, M.A., London, L. & Rother, H. 2016). Fracking started as an experiment in 1947 and has been used commercially for 65 years. Found inside â Page 17movement and some scientists alike of over-estimating benefits to local ... of fracking technologies, but also the social and economic impacts of these ... All work is written to order. Biggest Advantages of Fracking 1. 5, pp. Fracking wells are not a permanent process. Table 1: illustrates fracking trends in the United States of America. All these parameters had great impacts on the conventional hydrocarbon resource extractions and global trends towards unconventional resources (EIA,2011). Found insideJournal of Rural Social Sciences 28 ( 2 ) : 56â89 . Mayer , Adam . 2016. â Risk and Benefits in a Fracking Boom : Evidence from Colorado . 10. Most jobs are pay above the national average, provide good benefits, and make it possible to improve a household's standard of living. OMR – OMR Public. Found inside â Page 24Finally, fracking has drawn extensive criticism because of its social impacts related to rapid community change, industrialization, cost of living increases ... Burning gas, on the other hand, does not release as much carbon dioxide into the air, meaning that, the more gas we burn (as opposed to oil or coal) the better the air quality will be overall. 3, pp. 47, no. (2016, September 6). The 2016 Marine Life Disaster and Civil Society in Vietnam 205. & Kiviat, E. 2012, “ENVIRONMENTAL REVIEWS AND CASE STUDIES: Hydraulic Fracturing Threats to Species with Restricted Geographic Ranges in the Eastern United States”, Environmental Practice, vol. 515-516, pp. Palliser, J. 8, pp. Similarly, hydraulic fracking also has effects on the mental of people and is a source of social disagreement and protests, as a result of conflicting interests and lack of consultation. You can now heat your houses for much more reasonable prices than ever before. Because fracking allows us to drill thousands of feet into the ground to get access to gas stored deep within the earth in stones far below the surface, we can get access to even more gas. This rare phenomenon comes about when methane or another flammable gas leaks into groundwater taken up into ground water. Fracking is both an environmental and political issue. The lack of accessible data is an imposing hurdle to overcome if the social effects of fracking are to be wholly understood. 18, no. Nowadays, the uncertainty in relation of fracking operations and its drawbacks on the environment put it in a strong position for companies to invest in and improve the quality of fracking methods during hydrocarbon extractions. But the benefits do not stop there. Oil extraction, coal, or nuclear power can use up to 10 times the amount of water that fracking uses for each energy unit that is produced. (2017). impacts of sand mining for use in the . For a pro-fracking--Fracking is crucial to global economic stability; the economic benefits outweigh the environmental risks, says Terry Engeldervs. 1, pp. Due to the nature of the question its structure appears to be formulaic; one side looking at the potential benefits and the other presenting counter arguments centring on environmental and social impacts. & O’Grady, Á. 2015). (2017). With the increase in the production of natural gas, the number of people employed in production and delivery activities has also increased. Thanks to fracking, the U.S. was able to boost domestic oil production and is now less dependent on the Middle East for energy. *You can also browse our support articles here >, Natural Gas Extracted from Shale Gas Fractured with Forms, First Gas Well Drilled in Barnett Shale in Texas, Linked Gel Fracturing Liquids Developed and Used in Vertical Wells, Microcosmic Post- Fracturing Mapping Developed, Developing in Slick Water Fracturing Fluid to Have more Chemical Additives, Multi-Stage Slick Water Fracturing of Horizontal Wells, First Hydraulic Fracturing of Marcellus Shales, Using Of Multi-Well Pads and Cluster Drilling, Control air pollution at the national level, Treat each individual well as a source of pollution and does not require operation to consider the impacts of emission on environment on any area, National Environmental Policy Act of 1969, Required federal agencies to contribute environmental assessment of federal action, Energy Policy Act in 2005 excludes oil and gas drilling form NEPA, Ensure that the water meet the minimum pollution standards, Fracking fluid are exempted from considering it polluted although the large quantity of water that are used in the operation, Protect the quality of the country’s groundwater and the supplement source of the water, Aimed in 2005 to exclude the injection wells, Resource Conversation and Recovery Act 1976, To regulate the produced waste for the protection of both environment and human, Regulates the potential aspects of federal energy policy, Only regulate fracking when diesel flued are used in fracking fluid with any control of chemical and hazard materials that are used, Reduce greenhouse emission 80% by 2050 compared with 1991, The emission from oil industry field where did not counted, Using around 750 known chemicals that are toxic for human being, The large quantity of wasted water that are used for cracking the rocks and specially in the regions how are suffer from water scarcity, Furthermore, the emissions that are produced to the air, noise, Contaminated the lands how can be used for vegetation’s and farming, Waste disposal due to large usage of water, Chemical gases produced to the air and gas leakage, Disposal waste after or through operations, Leakage of oil to the soil and destroy the land use, Earthquakes due to adding extra pressure to the formations to fracture it, Poetical probability of the well blowouts, Leakage of methane gas during the operation to the ground water, EPA annual report. & SHEDL Wiley Ebook Collection. Holloway, M.D., 1963, Rudd, O. Thus hydraulic fracturing required an immense amount of water during well simulation as the quantities of water that are used in fracking operation may reach to millions of litters per well which is around 2300,000 gallons of water per year, This is an important aspect that should the country take in consideration before conducting fracking operation. (And Are They Recyclable? Anticipating hazards from fracking-induced earthquakes in Canada and US”, 2017, NewsRx Health, , pp. Unfortunately, fracking has even been maligned because of numerous false claims spouted by fracking opponents. 963 Words4 Pages. 2017, “Indicative energy technology assessment of UK shale gas extraction”, Applied Energy, vol. When we were worried about not being able to use cars, for instance, we started searching looking into solar-powered cars. 53, no. 7. Howarth, R.W., Ingraffea, A. First, many say that the burning of natural gas emits fewer greenhouse gases per unit of energy than burning alternative energy sources like oil or coal, however this may not necessarily be true when observing the full life cycle of natural gas especially taking extraction into account. South Africa has major sedimentary basin that contain thick and organic rich shales. Were it is noticed after a 6 months to 1 years the top soil of the area is heavily damaged furthermore, it fully covered with hazard chemical materials that is need around 10 to 14 year to be cleaned and repair it for using (Dokshin, F.A. 2013). 14. 2017]. Both the risks and the benefits of fracking are controversial, and communities need the help of science to sift through the conflicting narratives and focus on the evidence. 123, no. First, we need to locate natural gas. 2017]. & Zuofa, T. 2015). The aim of this chapter is to illustrate the fracking operation in oil exploration and identify its impact on environmental, social and economic standards for countries and intern clarify the main reason beyond choosing this particular option for oil and gas explorations. Found inside â Page 293Procedures, Issues, and Benefits Okon Obo, PhD ... or Russia may be forced to adjust their fiscal balances by cutting subsidies and social benefit programs, ... 516, no. For instance, according to the ranking table in the appendix; China, Mexico and south Africa which are rich in shale gas basins and under high risks of water scarcity (Grose, T.K. Torjesen, I. Some Elements to Consider Hydraulic fracturing raises significant social and environmental justice issues related to the rights of Is Artificial Snow Bad For The Environment? Water consumptions, ground water pollutions and producing large quantity of waste water (Esposito, M. 2013,) Yet if hydraulic fracking can be described in an environmentally way it is can be explained as a geo chemical engineering process that involves a huge volume of water associated with certain amount of chemicals that are prepared specially for the well injections in order to fracture the tide rocks that holds the taped oil and gas (Proxy Season Report: FrackinG,2011) In USA, for example it is even called the high-volume horizontal hydraulic fracturing process (HVHFP). 81, no. Agenda change and the politics of fracking”, Policy Sciences, vol. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this dissertation are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of UKDiss.com. In fact, all the environmental impacts of fracking can be described as a circle which connect with each other in a certain way. Fracking caused a variety of health effects on the living creatures from the surrounding area where there were signs of many animals who are found died because of getting exposed to the waste materials that are produced from fracking operations (Meng, Q. 2013, no. OPEC anoused that nowadays the 20% of globale oil production oerations are depends on unconvetional hydrocarbons sources and around 30% of unconventional menthodes are depending on fracking (Oyedele, A.2017), However, due to the great changes toward fracking as a potantial option. 50, no. However, with the great revolution in technologies and significant demand for oil and gas sources, many unconventional ways were suggested in order to extract unconditional hydrocarbons in deep ground and in various deformations. We've received widespread press coverage since 2003, Your UKDiss.com purchase is secure and we're rated 4.4/5 on Reviews.io. Found inside â Page 195Benefits of Fracking Development of domestic natural gas resources promises many ... and a cheap domestic energy 195 Biopolicy: Social Issues Biopolitical ... From the table above it can be observed that the hydraulic fracturing has been used since the 1900s and applied in conventional vertical wells (Fracking impacts”, 2015). Unconventional oil and natural gas extraction enabled by horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing (fracking) is driving an economic boom, with consequences described from "revolutionary" to "disastrous." Reality lies somewhere in between. Viewpoints: Fracking's risks and benefits During the recent debate on fracking technology in the UK, we may have been distracted from considering some of the real issues in developing our shale . Drawn from a review of more than 100 studies looking at shale gas in the past 10 years, most of them peer-reviewed, this article begins by briefly explaining the process of hydrofracking . Fracking boosts all elements of the energy sector. 2015, “Drinking water while fracking: now and in the future”, Ground water, vol. One of the geological risks that the fracking operations are involve in is earthquakes. 7529, pp. It involves drilling into the earth and using high pressure to inject a mixture of water, sand, and chemicals to fracture the rock and force gas to come out. & Engelder, T. 2011). Economic benefits of fracking outweigh risks - Free Market Foundation . VAT Registration No: 842417633. 185, pp. Furthermore, resulting of contaminated the used land with waste of oil and fracking fluids, mixing the ground water with the fluids that are used to expose the extra pressure on the formation in order to be cracked. Subscription 2015, Shale gas and fracking: the science behind the controversy, Elsevier Ltd, Waltham, MA, USA;Amsterdam, Netherlands. [online] Available at: https://www.iea.org/oilmarketreport/omrpublic/ [Accessed 26 Jun. & SHEDL. Retrieved October 16, 2016, from, EPA. Tuller, D. 2015, “As Fracking Booms, Dearth Of Health Risk Data Remains”, Health affairs (Project Hope), vol. Furthermore, it is believed by Ruth Mc and his team works who are worked in the health and safety of oil industry fields; that the consequence of the fracking start from the early stage of drilling because of the potential risks of gas leaking at any stage of the drilling (Torjesen, I. Federal and state legislation need to be amended to include fracking and control the activities of oil and gas companies. This is an important point regarding the distribution of economic benefits. 271. If shale gas extraction technologies can be developed feasible in an environmentally friendly way there will be a considerable economic benefit of it. Yet, the location of the world from shale gas recovery operations are going tremendously high to ward fracking operation as an option of shale gas operations. 8-21. A poorly constructed dam gives large potential for fluids to contaminate groundwater and the surrounding environment through fractures in the rock.These are just a few of many plausible negative environmental consequences of extracting shale gas, but some of the most significant environmental impacts even arise from the construction of wells, including accidental spills of oils, drilling muds, and potentially toxic “slickwater”. On the plus side, fracking proponents point to benefits such as lower energy prices, reduced global warming emissions compared to coal, and a stronger economy. Even more, fracking has spurred massive economic growth. All these parameters should take in the consideration before choosing this method as potential options for oil and gas extraction. To export a reference to this article please select a referencing stye below: Social Studies is a field of study that focuses on different aspects of human society. 1, pp. Thus, in recent years, these operations have gained great influence due to its great benefits start with gaining revenues, financial benefits to the companies and significant amount oil and gas productions (nvestopedia.com.2017). We discovered that for the average household living in a community where fracking takes place the benefits exceed the costs—indeed, it is worth about $2,000 per year to them. This dissertation examines the relationships between law and society when encountering disruptive, risky economic activities. Found insideDuring the study, residents also described the impacts fracking was having on their land, water, and quality of life. Sample and Methods Much of rural ... Fracking, ‘fracturing’, unconventional oil reservoirs or ‘tight oil and gas’ various liable were used to describe the techniques (Behen, L. 2014). The process of fracking or hydraulic fracturing involves the injection of a mixture of sand, water and chemicals into an oil or gas well at high pressures to fracture the shale rocks to release the natural gas inside. Oyedele, A. spills of chemicals at the surface. This book presents both sides of a very controversial subject intodayâs media: induced hydraulic fracturing, orâfracking.â It covers the technology and methods usedin hydraulic fracturing in easy-to-understand language, for ... Since discovering shale gas in the 1900s (Massey, K. 2016). Defenders of hydraulic fracturing usually explain that this technique has some benefits: The main benefit is the impact on the economy. Are specifically related to our rapidly depleting environment in ) justice in a fracking boom: evidence from Colorado logo. 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